Maternal Environmental Effects of Temperature and Exogenous Gibberellic Acid on Seed and Seedling Traits of Four Populations of Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)

Earlier studies have considered the separate effects of temperature and gibberellic acid (GA3) on plants seeds. However, combined these factors parent their progeny received little attention. We investigated two regimes (24/20 °C 28/24 °C, 16 h light/ 8 dark) GA3 treatments (for weeks) reproductive yield plants, subsequent seed germinability, seedling traits four local populations evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Mature seeds were harvested germinated, seedlings grown under regimes. Parent phenotyped for flower area diameter, capsule length width, full empty masses, number mass per capsule. Additionally, total germination rate determined, alongside stem height dry mass, leaf number, root in seedlings. promoted flowering all first year. Maturation drying higher temperatures resulted more viable faster germinating Higher did not affect germination, but increased that produced with lower regime. In conclusion, responded similarly to treatment terms flowering, differently during maturation, growth.